RESUMO Liberalismo e perfeccionismo foram considerados posições incompatíveis por John Rawls. Essa incompatibilidade foi questionada por diversos autores. Partindo daí, o artigo propõe um liberalismo perfeccionista político como uma possibilidade promissora para que as democracias liberais possam enfrentar a tarefa de promover as virtudes políticas necessárias para sua reprodução. Rawls autores daí reprodução

ABSTRACT Liberalism and perfectionism were considered incompatible positions by John Rawls. This incompatibility was questioned by several authors. Departing from this point, the article proposes a political perfectionist liberalism as a promising possibility for liberal democracies to face the task of promoting the political virtues necessary for its reproduction. Rawls authors point reproduction

Abstract This article studies how the citizens of Tegucigalpa (Honduras) appropriate of and give meaning to goods and services of the drinking water and sanitation systems. This paper approach goes beyond provision and capacity building, and it proposes to articulate citizen participation and network governance to analyze the interaction of the actors involved with a public problem and to characterize the forms of creation, appropriation and strengthening of the notion of public value. This study carries out a bibliographic review and gathers documentary information from the Mayor's Office in the Central District open councils. Finally, this article sustains that public value develops the capacities of involved actors and highlights the multiple ways in which citizens access benefits within a decision-making process based on their own expectations.

Resumen Este artículo propone conocer las formas en las que la ciudadanía de Tegucigalpa (Honduras) se apropia y crea sentidos de los bienes y servicios asociados con el sistema de agua potable y saneamiento, más allá de su otorgamiento y fortalecimiento de capacidades. Se propone articular la participación ciudadana y gobernanza en red para analizar la interacción de los actores involucrados alrededor de un problema de lo público, para luego, caracterizar las formas de creación, apropiación y fortalecimiento del valor público. Para ello, se acude a la revisión bibliográfica e información de los cabildos abiertos de la Alcaldía Municipal del Distrito Central, para lo que se realiza una revisión documental del caso de estudio. El valor público desarrollaría las capacidades de los actores involucrados, al colocar en el centro del debate las múltiples maneras en las que los ciudadanos aprehenden los beneficios en la toma de decisiones en función de sus propias expectativas.

ABSTRACT Background Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a hematophagous insect and the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In the present study, the authors investigated whether a serine protease activity from the saliva of T. infestans has a role in vasomotor modulation, and in the insect-blood feeding by cleaving and activating protease-activated receptors (PARs). Methods T. infestans saliva was chromatographed as previously reported for purification of triapsin, a serine protease. The cleavage activity of triapsin on PAR peptides was investigated based on FRET technology. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze the sites of PAR-2 peptide cleaved by triapsin. NO measurements were performed using the DAN assay (2,3-diaminonapthalene). The vasorelaxant activity of triapsin was measured in vessels with or without functional endothelium pre-contracted with phenylephrine (3 µM). Intravital microscopy was used to assess the effect of triapsin on mouse skin microcirculation. Results Triapsin was able to induce hydrolysis of PAR peptides and showed a higher preference for cleavage of the PAR-2 peptide. Analysis by mass spectrometry confirmed a single cleavage site, which corresponds to the activation site of the PAR-2 receptor. Triapsin induced dose-dependent NO release in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), reaching a maximum effect at 17.58 nM. Triapsin purified by gel-filtration chromatography (10-16 to 10-9 M) was applied cumulatively to mouse mesenteric artery rings and showed a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect (EC30 = 10-12 M). Nitric oxide seems to be partially responsible for this vasodilator effect because L-NAME (L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester 300 µM), a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor, did not abrogate the vasodilation activated by triapsin. Anti-PAR-2 antibody completely inhibited vasodilation observed in the presence of triapsin activity. Triapsin activity also induced an increase in the mouse ear venular diameter. Conclusion Data from this study suggest a plausible association between triapsin activity mediated PAR-2 activation and vasodilation caused by T. infestans saliva.

Resumo Este artigo discute a situação da tolerância política nas democracias liberais, analisando algumas críticas que lhe são dirigidas e tentando mostrar que, apesar dessas, sua relevância permanece. Para isso, é utilizado como fio condutor o recente debate sobre a relação entre tolerância e neutralidade, no qual é sugerida a incompatibilidade entre ambas. A seguir, é apresentada a resposta do filósofo político Peter Jones, segundo o qual é o compromisso dos cidadãos com a tolerância que pode levar, posteriormente, à proposição da neutralidade estatal nas democracias liberais marcadas pelo pluralismo. Por último, esta linha de defesa é complementada pela sugestão, contrária ao texto do próprio Jones, de que há uma implicação recíproca entre tolerância e neutralidade políticas em tais sociedades.

Abstract This paper discusses the situation of political toleration in liberal democracies, analyzing some criticisms addressed to it and demonstrating that, in spite of this, its relevance remains. For such, the recent debate on the relationship between toleration and neutrality is adopted as a guideline, in which the incompatibility between both is suggested. Then, political philosopher Peter Jones’s reply on the commitment of citizens towards toleration that leads to the proposition of state neutrality in liberal democracies marked by pluralism is presented. Lastly, this line of defense is supplemented by the suggestion, contrary to the text of Jones, that there is a reciprocal implication between tolerance and political neutrality in such societies.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de inoculación y co-inoculación de Bacillussubtilis y Pseudomonasfluorescens en plantas de zanahoria con uso reducido de nitrógeno. Se realizó un experimento de campo, con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones, evaluando las respuestas de crecimiento y rendimiento de la zanahoria a la inoculación. Las respuestas sobre la altura se observaron solo dos semanas antes de la cosecha, pero el número de hojas se vio afectado principalmente desde el comienzo hasta la mitad del ciclo de cultivo. Aunque la masa de brotes frescos se vio afectada negativamente por los tratamientos de inoculación, la masa de brotes secos no respondió a las rizobacterias. La longitud de las raíces inoculadas con P. fluorescens o co-inoculadas con ambas bacterias aumentó de 21 cm, sin inoculación, a 25 cm. Los valores del volumen de la raíz y la masa seca fueron los mismos en todos los tratamientos. Sin embargo, la masa de raíces frescas mejoró entre 70 y 81.8% por P. fluorescens y co-inoculación, respectivamente. La mayoría de las respuestas positivas a la inoculación se observaron con niveles reducidos de nitrógeno, lo que sugiere el potencial de estas cepas de rizobacterias para ser utilizadas en prácticas agrícolas de insumos reducidos. Además, nuestros hallazgos respaldan la recomendación de Pseudomonas fluorescens como microorganismo promotor del crecimiento de las plantas utilizado para el cultivo de zanahorias.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation and co-inoculation with Bacillussubtilis and Pseudomonasfluorescens on carrots with reduced nitrogen use. A field experiment was carried on, with five treatments and five replicates, evaluating the growth and yield responses of inoculated carrots. Responses were observed in height only two weeks before harvesting, and the number of leaves was most affected from the beginning to the middle of the cultivation cycle. Although the fresh shoot mass was negatively affected by the inoculation treatments, the dry shoot mass did not respond to the rhizobacteria. The length of roots inoculated with P.fluorescens or co-inoculated with both bacteria increased from 21 cm, without inoculation, to 25 cm. The root volume and dry mass values were the same across the treatments. However, the fresh root mass was improved by between 70 and 81.8% with P. fluorescens and co-inoculation, respectively. More positive responses to inoculation were observed with reduced nitrogen levels, suggesting a potential in the rhizobacteria strains for use in reduced-input agricultural practices. Moreover, based on the findings, Pseudomonas fluorescens can be recommended as a plant growth-promoting microorganism in carrot cultivation.

Resumo O trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um modelo multissetorial de causação cumulativa com progresso tecnológico endógeno e taxa de câmbio real. A literatura export-led growth, baseada inicialmente no modelo Dixon and Thirlwall (1979), avançou para uma abordagem multissetorial segundo Araujo (2013). Entretanto, o modelo multissetorial originalmente desenvolvido por Araujo e Lima (2007), desconsidera a taxa de câmbio e mantém a taxa de variação da produtividade do trabalho nula. Assim, pretende-se avançar no debate teórico, introduzindo no modelo Pasinettiano o progresso tecnológico endógeno e a taxa de câmbio real na Lei de Thirlwall Multissetorial. Essa contribuição torna-se importante por possibilitar aos policy makers identificar quais os setores que mais contribuem para o crescimento de longo prazo da economia doméstica, bem como propor políticas econômicas e industriais que melhorem as relações comerciais e a competitividade da economia, para conduzir a economia para um estágio superior de desenvolvimento.

Abstract The present study aims to develop a multi-sectoral cumulative causation model with endogenous technological progress and the real exchange rate. The literature on export-led growth, originally based on the model constructed by Dixon and Thirlwall (1979), advanced to a multi-sectoral approach developed by Araujo (2013). However, the multisectoral model originally developed by Araujo and Lima (2007) disregards the exchange rate and maintains the rate of change in labor productivity at null. Thus, we intend to advance the theoretical debate by introducing endogenous technological progress and the real exchange rate in the Law of Multi-Sectoral Thirlwall to the Pasinettian model. The study makes an important contribution in terms of enabling policy makers to identify which sectors contribute most to the long-term growth of the domestic economy as well as providing economic and industrial policies to improve trade relations and the competitiveness of the economy, to drive the economy to a higher stage of development.

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo desenvolver um modelo multissetorial e multilateral de crescimento restrito pelo balanço de pagamentos. Para tanto, utiliza-se como base os modelos propostos por Araujo e Lima (2007) e Nell (2003). Além disso, o artigo apresenta algumas simulações computacionais a fim de ilustrar como a mudança estrutural no sentido de Pasinetti-Kaldor (1993) afeta o crescimento econômico de longo prazo. Essa contribuição torna-se relevante por tornar viável a identificação de quais os setores e parceiros comerciais que mais contribuem para o crescimento de longo prazo da economia doméstica, bem como propor políticas econômicas e industriais que melhorem as relações comerciais e a competitividade da economia.

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop a multi-sector and multilateral model of balance-of-payments constrained growth. As a starting point, we adopted the models proposed by Araujo and Lima (2007) and Nell (2003). The paper also presents computer simulations to test how structural changes in the Pasinetti-Kaldor sense affect long-term economic growth. This approach is relevant insofar as it enables the identification of sectors and trading partners that contribute the most to long-term growth, as well as proposing economic and industrial policies that improve trade relations and economic competitiveness.

Abstract Background Snakes of the genus Bothrops, popularly known as pit vipers, are responsible for most cases of snakebite in Brazil. Within this genus, Bothrops jararacussu and B. jararaca deserve special attention due to the severity of their bites and for inhabiting densely populated areas. Regarding the treatment of snakebites by Bothrops jararacussu, questions have been raised about the effectiveness of the specific bothropic antivenom in neutralizing myotoxic effects; however, there are no accurate data for humans. Thus, the development of a differential diagnostic kit for this species would be of great interest because it provides, for healthcare professionals, a tool that would allow us to determine whether the accident was caused by B. jararacussu or other species of the genus. It would also make it possible to evaluate the specificity of the treatment and to provide data for epidemiological studies. Methods First, we produced a species-specific polyclonal antibody – a potential biomarker of Bothrops jararacussu venom – against bothropstoxin-I (BthTx-I), which is also found in smaller quantities in the venoms of B. jararaca from southern Brazil. Results Polyclonal antibodies against bothropstoxin-I could be separated into several species-specific immunoglobulins. Then, aiming to develop a system of safe and standardized immunoassay, we produced monoclonal antibodies. Seven hybridomas were obtained. Five of them were specific to the venom of B. jararacussu and two recognized the venom of B. jararaca from the southeastern population. The use of monoclonal antibodies also made it possible to differentiate B. jararacussu from B. jararaca venom obtained from the southern population. Analyzing the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against other bothropic venoms, we found mAb Bt-3 to be more specific than others for B. jararacussu venom. Conclusions These results show the potential of BthTx-I for producing monoclonal antibodies that differentiate between B. jararacussu and other Bothrops species venoms.

El virus chikungunya (CHIKV) es un Alfavirus causante de la fiebre chikungunya (CHIKF). En Venezuela, una región desprovista de inmunidad contra CHIKV y con presencia de Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus, el primer caso importado fue reportado por las autoridades sanitarias en junio de 2014. Por la relevancia del hecho, se analizaron 94 muestras de pacientes febriles que acudieron a los centros de salud públicos y privados del estado Aragua entre enero y diciembre de 2014, mediante la detección de los fragmentos de los genes nsP4 (Alfavirus) y E1 (CHIKV) utilizando técnicas moleculares, como Transcripción Reversa acoplada a Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (RT-PCR) y/o secuenciación nucleotídica. Los resultados indicaron positividad en 19,2 % de las muestras analizadas. Se vieron afectados pacientes con edades entre 6 y 66 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (12/18). Clínicamente, todos los pacientes positivos a CHIKV manifestaron signos y síntomas asociados a CHIKF, tales como fiebre (18/18), artralgia (18/18) y erupción (16/18), entre otros. A pesar de que la positividad puede considerarse baja con relación a lo reportado en otras comunidades, este estudio representa el primer reporte local de detección molecular de CHIKV en Venezuela (estado Aragua) durante el año 2014.

Chikungunya virus is an Alphavirus that causes chikungunya Fever (CHIKF). In Venezuela, a region devoid of immunity against CHIKV and presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The first imported case was reported by health authorities in June 2014. The relevance of the fact, 94 samples of febrile patients who came to the centers of public and private health Aragua state between january and december for detection of the nsP4 (Alphavirus) and E1 (CHIKV) fragments were analyzed by molecular techniques (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and/or nucleotide sequencing). The results showed 19.2 % of positivity by CHIKV. Clinically all CHIKV positive patients showed signs and symptoms related with CHIKF, such as fever (18/18), arthralgia (18/18) and rash (16/18), among others. Were affected patients between the ages of 6 and 66 years with a predominance of the female sex (12/18). Although the positivity may be considered low compared to those reported in other communities, this represents the first local report of molecular detection of CHIKV in Venezuela (Aragua state) during 2014.

Resumo: Aspergilose é uma das principais causas de mortalidade em aves. O sistema pulmonar de uma grande variedade de espécies de aves é o mais frequentemente afetado, com lesões nos sacos aéreos e pulmões. Objetivou-se confirmar por métodos moleculares a identificação e a diversidade genética de Aspergillus fumigatus isolados de amostras pulmonares de frangos de corte sadios (Galus galus domesticus). Quarenta e quatro (9,5%) isolados foram confirmados como A. fumigatus através de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) multiplex (amplificação de fragmentos dos genes β-tub e rodA). Todos isolados foram tipificados, sendo quarenta (90,9%) observados apenas uma vez. Os resultados mostram uma alta variabilidade e múltiplos genótipos de A. fumigatus obtidos de amostras pulmonares de frangos, de corte.

Abstract: Aspergillosis is one of the main causes of mortality in birds. The pulmonary system is most frequently affected, with lesions observed in the air sacs and lungs of a wide variety of bird species. The aim of this study was to confirm by molecular methods the identification and the genetic diversity of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates of lung's samples from healthy broilers (Galus galus domesticus). Forty-four (9.5%) isolates of lung's samples were confirmed as A. fumigatus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex (amplification of β-tub and rodA gene fragments). Microsatellite typing for A. fumigatus was used to analyse all avian isolates. Among them, 40 genotypes (90.9%) were observed only one time. The results showed a high variability and multiple genotypes of de A. fumigatus collected from lung's samples of broilers.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho decorre do declínio constante da participação dos gastos de consumo sobre as mercadorias produzidas no Sul globalizado, juntamente com a (empiricamente ambígua) hipótese Singer/Prebisch de que isto pode ser explicado por um declínio secular dos termos do comércio do Sul. Com base nessas pesquisas, o documento propõe estudar a dinâmica dos termos de troca, utilizando um modelo de crescimento multissetorial com base no princípio da causalidade cumulativa. O resultado é um modelo Norte-Sul de crescimento e de comércio em que a evolução dos termos de troca depende de taxas diferenciais de crescimento da produtividade em diferentes setores da economia - e quais os termos de dinâmicas comerciais que podem não ser o melhor caminho no caso de existir ou não m problema de desenvolvimento desigual.

ABSTRACT The motivation for this paper stems from the steady decline in the share of consumer expenditures on goods produced in the global south, coupled with the (empirically ambiguous) Singer/Prebisch hypothesis that this can be explained by a secular decline in the southern terms of trade. Drawing on these sources of inspiration, the paper sets out to study the dynamics of the terms of trade using a multi-sector growth model based on the principle of cumulative causation. The upshot is a North-South model of growth and trade in which the evolution of the terms of trade depends on differential rates of productivity growth in different sectors of the economy - and in which terms of trade dynamics may not be the best guide as to whether or not there is an uneven development problem.

Urban heat islands are characterized by high land surface temperature, low humidity, and poor vegetation, and considered to favor the transmission of the mosquito-borne dengue fever that is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. We analyzed the recorded dengue incidence in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, in 2010-2011, in terms of multiple environmental and socioeconomic variables. Geographical information systems, thermal remote sensing images, and census data were used to classify city areas according to land surface temper- ature, vegetation cover, population density, socioeconomic status, and housing standards. Of the 7415 dengue cases, a majority (93.1%) mapped to areas with land surface temperature >28 ◦ C. The dengue incidence rate (cases per 100,000 inhabitants) was low (3.2 cases) in high vegetation cover areas, but high (72.3 cases) in low vegetation cover areas where the land surface temperature was 29 ± 2 ◦ C. Interestingly, a multiple cluster analysis phenogram showed more dengue cases clustered in areas of land surface temperature >32 ◦ C, than in areas characterized as low socioeconomic zones, high population density areas, or slum-like areas. In laboratory experiments, A. aegypti mosquito larval development, blood feeding, and oviposition associated positively with temperatures of 28-32 ◦ C, indicating these temperatures to be favorable for dengue transmission. Thus, among all the variables studied, dengue incidence was most affected by the temperature.

Resumo Neste artigo, pretende-se desenvolver uma versão desagregada da abordagem pós- -Keynesiana para o crescimento econômico, mostrando que de fato esse modelo pode ser tratado como um caso particular do modelo Pasinettiano de mudança estrutural e crescimento econômico. Utilizando-se o conceito de integração vertical, torna-se possível conduzir a análise iniciada por Kaldor (1956) e Robinson (1956, 1962), e seguido por Dutt (1984), Rowthorn (1982) e, posteriormente, Bhaduri e Marglin (1990) em um modelo multi-sectorial em que há aumentos da demanda e produtividade em ritmos diferentes em cada setor. Ao adotar essa abordagem, é possível mostrar que a dinâmica de mudança estrutural está condicionada não apenas aos padrões de demanda de evolução das preferências e da difusão do progresso tecnológico, mas também com as características distributivas da economia, que podem dar origem a diferentes regimes setoriais de crescimento econômico. Além disso, é possível determinar a taxa natural de lucro que faz com que a taxa de mark-up seja constante ao longo do tempo.

Abstract With this inquiry, we seek to develop a disaggregated version of the post-Keynesian approach to economic growth, by showing that indeed it can be treated as a particular case of the Pasinettian model of structural change and economic expansion. By relying upon vertical integration it becomes possible to carry out the analysis initiated by Kaldor (1956) and Robinson (1956, 1962), and followed by Dutt (1984), Rowthorn (1982) and later Bhaduri and Marglin (1990) in a multi-sectoral model in which demand and productivity increase at different paces in each sector. By adopting this approach it is possible to show that the structural economic dynamics is conditioned not only to patterns of evolving demand and diffusion of technological progress but also to the distributive features of the economy, which can give rise to different regimes of economic growth. Besides, we find it possible to determine the natural rate of profit that makes the mark-up rate to be constant over time.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o efeito de cordonéis de poliéster, poliamida, poliaramida e híbrido poliamida/poliaramida como reforço de elastômeros utilizados na fabricação de mangotes. O comportamento do tubo elastomérico reforçado com cordonéis sob pressão interna foi simulado com análise por elementos finitos (FEA) utilizando-se elementos chamados reinforcement bars. Foram realizados ensaios para se obter as propriedades em tração dos cordonéis para alimentar o modelo. O cordonel de poliaramida apresentou a maior tensão de ruptura, o de poliamida maior deformação na ruptura, e o híbrido apresentou valores intermediários. O critério de falha adotado para o tubo consistiu na análise do nível de carga no cordonel. Foram avaliadas, principalmente, a pressão e a deformação de ruptura do tubo elastomérico simulado frente à variação do ângulo de orientação dos cordonéis. Os resultados mostraram que ângulos próximos a 55° tornam o tubo mais resistente porém menos rígido no sentido longitudinal.

This work investigates the effect of polyamide, polyester, polyaramid and hybrid (polyamide and polyaramid) cords as reinforcement for elastomers used in the production of marine hoses. The behavior of the elastomeric pipe reinforced with these cords under internal pressure was simulated with finite element analysis (FEA) using elements called reinforcement bars. To obtain input data for the model, tensile properties of the cords were evaluated. The polyaramid cord showed the highest ultimate stress, the polyamide the largest elongation at break, and the hybrid cord showed intermediate values. The failure criterion adopted for the pipe consisted of examining the allowable force in the cord. The analyses focused on the variation of pressure and strain at burst of the pipe with the orientation angle of the cords along the elastomeric tube. The results showed that angles close to 55° yielded stronger pipes but less rigid in their longitudinal direction.

OBJECTIVE: The expression of transcription factors involved in early pituitary development, such as PROP1 and POU1F1, has been detected in pituitary adenoma tissues. In this study, we sought to characterize the transcriptional profiles of PROP1, POU1F1, and TBX19 in functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in an attempt to identify their roles in tumorigenesis and hormone hypersecretion. METHODS: RT-qPCR analyses were performed to assess the transcriptional pattern of PROP1, POU1F1, TBX19, and hormone-producing genes in tissue samples of corticotrophinomas (n = 10), somatotrophinomas (n = 8), and nonfunctioning adenomas (n = 6). RESULTS: Compared with normal pituitary tissue, POU1F1 was overexpressed in somatotrophinomas by 3-fold. PROP1 expression was 18-fold higher in corticotrophinomas, 10-fold higher in somatotrophinomas, and 3-fold higher in nonfunctioning adenomas. TBX19 expression was 27-fold higher in corticotrophinomas. Additionally, the level of TBX19 mRNA positively correlated with that of pro-opiomelanocortin (r = 0.49, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that PROP1 is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas, mainly in corticotrophinomas. Together with previously published data showing that patients who harbor PROP1 loss-of-function mutations present a progressive decline in corticotrope function, our results support a role for PROP1 in pituitary tumor development and in the maintenance of cell lineages committed to corticotrophic differentiation.